Carmichael Brain Injury Lawyer

Many people are curious about the differences between traumatic brain injuries and other types of neurological damage. Someone can suffer many different brain damage forms, and a brain injury sustained through trauma is somewhat different from other mental deficits. For example, some people may suffer brain damage through dementia, while others could experience developmental deficits due to continuous seizures through a disorder such as epilepsy.

A traumatic brain injury is a neurological damage from a traumatic event. This means that an outside force physically acted on the patient's skull and damaged the brain tissue inside. Trauma can damage brain tissue in some ways, including:

• Cerebral Contusion: The traumatic force knocks the brain into the skull. If the skull suddenly stops, such as when the head strikes the dashboard, the brain continues to move inside the skull and collides with the hard surface. This can create a bruise on the brain, just as in other areas of the body.
• Spinning Forces: A traumatic event can take place from a violent spinning motion. If the brain spins at high speeds inside the skull, it can "shear" or tear the neurons, creating brain damage. This type of injury is referred to as diffuse axonal injury.
• Pressure Damage: Bleeding and brain swelling creates a form of pressure damage. The brain is encased in the skull, meaning the space it occupies is set. If bleeding occurs inside the skull, the blood takes up space and squeezes the brain. This can lead to something called a herniation, a brain injury with severe consequences.

As alluded to above, brain bleeding can lead to herniation. A herniation is where a portion of the brain is squeezed across various skull structures due to extra fluid or pressure, typically blood, taking up space in the skull cavity.

When the brain herniates along with structures in the skull, the brain tissue being forcibly moved in this manner is typically irreparably damaged. There are several different types of herniations, including:

• Tonsillar Herniation: A tonsillar herniation results when the cerebellar tonsils, a portion of the cerebellum, protrude through the foramen magnum (where the brainstem typically exits). When this happens, the cerebellar tonsils compress the upper part of the spinal cord, known as the cervical region. This injury results in skyrocketing blood pressure, a plummeting heart rate, cessation of breathing, and places the patient into a coma.
• Subfalcine-Cingulate Herniation: This herniation results when brain tissue under the falx (in the middle of the brain) is displaced to one side. This leads to an extreme headache, small pupils, and paralysis of the leg on the opposite side of the herniation. This is the most common type of herniation.
• Uncal Herniation: In this herniation, the medial portion of the temporal lobe pushes through the posterior fossa, placing pressure on the middle part of the brainstem. The pupil on the same side of the herniation becomes dilated, and the eyes become paralyzed. The body's opposite side from the side herniated side becomes markedly weaker. Patients typically fluctuate in and out of consciousness.

When imaging studies such as CT scans and MRIs show bleeding within the skull cavity, the neurosurgeons can act quickly and prevent herniation from occurring. The neurosurgeons will temporarily remove a portion of the skull to allow some pressure in the skull cavity (from the blood and the brain's swelling) to build up and release naturally.

When the skull is removed, the brain and cavity can expand because the head is no longer enclosed by the skull. Once the bleeding stops and the brain tissue stops swelling, the skull can be placed back in its usual location without having any consequences of herniation.

Recent research has demonstrated that lithium, the first-line treatment for patients with bipolar disorder, can protect neurons in traumatic brain injury. In a traumatic brain injury, glutamate (amino acid and chemical signal) is released and damages neurons, some of them permanently.

Medical research has shown that lithium may prevent glutamate from releasing and damaging the neurons, a potential breakthrough and novel application for a battle-tested drug. The potential of this medication to help people who have suffered brain injuries in traumatic accidents remains to be seen. Still, it offers some hope for injuries that are among the most devastating that people can sustain.

The video below discusses how traumatic brain injuries are treated with new technology and treatments.